The goal of the present study is to develop a less invasive method for longitudinal evaluation of LUT function that allows for simultaneous measurements of bladder pressure and EUS EMG activity. LaPallo et al., 2014, 2017 measured only chronic EUS function without simultaneous bladder pressure recordings while other investigators measured only bladder function without simultaneous EUS electromyographic (EMG) recording (Hubscher et al., 2016 Mitsui et al., 2014 Ward et al., 2013 Yoshiyama et al., 1999). Few studies have evaluated simultaneous bladder and EUS function (D'Amico et al., 2011 Kruse et al., 1993 Lee et al., 2013 Leung et al., 2007 Pikov & Wrathall, 2001 Schneider et al., 2015). Researchers have used either acute suprapubic (Hubscher et al., 2016 Kruse et al., 1993 Leung et al., 2007 Mitsui et al., 2014 Ward et al., 2013 Yoshiyama et al., 1999), chronic suprapubic (Schneider et al., 2015), or acute transurethral (Lee et al., 2013 Pikov & Wrathall, 2001) approaches to perform cystometries either under anesthesia (Kruse et al., 1993 Ward et al., 2013) or in awake/restrained rats (Hubscher et al., 2016 Lee et al., 2013 Leung et al., 2007 Mitsui et al., 2014 Pikov & Wrathall, 2001 Schneider et al., 2015 Yoshiyama et al., 1999). Rodents, most commonly rats, have been studied to assess storage and voiding functions using various forms of cystometry (Andersson et al., 2011). Therefore, it is vital to investigate LUT dysfunction using approaches that include assessment of both the bladder and EUS function. Thus, it is not surprising that lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction is a common comorbidity in individuals with neurological disease or central nervous system injury (Phe et al., 2016 Podnar et al., 2006 Sakakibara, 2015 Schurch et al., 2015 Winge, 2015) that significantly impacts the health and quality of life of both patients and caregivers. In mammals, storage and elimination of urine requires the coordinated activity of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic efferent motor pathways involving both segmental spinal reflexes (e.g., the activation of the external urethral sphincter during bladder filling) and the well‐studied spino‐bulbo‐spinal reflexes that coordinate simultaneous bladder contraction and EUS relaxation during voiding (Fowler et al., 2008).
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